- refrigerated warehouse (refrigerated warehouse) is a large refrigerated warehouse bank operating in forklift and terminals, with different design focus from the generalwalk-in cold room.
- The layout shall be planned for the temperature gradients of the cooling zone in the outdoor loaded area/ buffer zone, and the refrigeration zone shall reduce the refrigeration loss of the cold zone.
- Storage, access and evaporation are designed to ensure that the cold wind covers the entire warehouse.
- At the same time, the floor is to deal with froze (freezing of inflation) and underwriters (forklifts and cargo mounts).
- Safety of personnel, temperature distribution tests and regular maintenance are key to the long-term stable operation of the refrigerated warehouse.
Preamble
For food wholesalers, logistics companies, importers and drug distributors, refrigerated warehouse is the core facility for operational operations. A well-designed refrigerated warehouse will maintain the quality of goods, improve access efficiency and control long-term electricity and maintenance costs; Poorly designed refrigerated warehouses may have problems such as clouds, inequitable temperatures, floor inflation and forklift failures affecting day-to-day operations.
This paper focuses on technical and planning elements for the refrigerated warehouse works. Cost structure of refrigerated warehouses can be consultedrefrigerated warehouse project value comparison guide for Hong Kong; How to select the refrigerated warehouse contractor, for exampleDetailed comparative analysis by refrigerated warehouse engineering company, Hong Kong。
Is it refrigerated warehouse engineering?
refrigerated warehouse engineering (refrigerated warehouse engineering) is the design and construction of warehouses for large stockpiles of frozen or cold-stored goods, which are largeCold room engineering. refrigerated warehouses have the following characteristics, compared with the restaurant walk-in cold room or small-freezer room:
| Item | walk-in cold room/minfreezer room | refrigerated warehouse/refrigerated warehouse |
|---|---|---|
| Operational modalities | Hands, handcuffs | Forklift, plate |
| Storage | Storage | Multiple racks |
| Access | Singlecold room door | Docold room door, loading and unloading areas |
| Wind areas | Single or bizonal | Multi-temperate zone |
| Refrigeration | Single refrigeration unit common | Dorefrigeration unit, reserve assistance |
| floor | thermal insulation, anti-frozen | thermal insulation, anti-frozen, high |
| Monitoring | Wind controllers | Multi-point monitoring and records |
Mini-freezer room, walk-in cold room can be consultedfreezer room engineeringandwalk-in cold room engineering。
refrigerated warehouse layout and temperate planning
Rates of temperature principle
The refrigerated warehouse layout should, as far as possible, transition from high temperature to low temperatures and avoid the direct outdoor of cold-frozen areas:
This would reduce exposure to wet heat air in the refrigeration zone and lower cooking, temperature fluctuations and electricity consumption.
Planning elements
- By proportion of goods:Determining areas by proportion of refrigerated and frozen goods, avoiding the establishment of fertile zones
- Access line:Clear entry and exit routes, reducing cross-cutting and forklift waiting
- Advances:The crane layout cooperates with advanced pre-emptive access.
- Extension:Maintenance of walls, electricity and routing positions to facilitate future expansion
- Location of air space:Refrigeration unit is required to have sufficient heat and maintenance space and minimize the refrigerant pipeline
Discharge zones, buffer zone and gate seals
The refrigerated warehouse was frustrated by a large portion of the access process. Common improvement measures include:
Wind loading and unloading areas
The loading and unloading zone has a cold temperature, and the goods will not remain in the normal temperature environment for long after they have been discharged by the truck.
loading and unloading gates
Installation of door seals between the car park and the war gate (known as valves), reducing infiltration of external air from empty pumps between the tailings and the warehouse gates.
Rapid gate
A shorter opening time is suitable for frequent access to the forklift.
Wind/ rubber
Accompaniment reduces air exchange in the opening of doors.
Storage, access and refrigeration
- Available floor:After deducting the time flowinsulated panels, rollers, lighting and firefighting facilities, it is the high level available for cargo mounds
- Type of crane:Selective bands facilitate access to the panels; Storage density of dense cargo mounds is high, but less flexible access
- Breadth of access:Based on forklift type
- Goods and wall empty:The goods should not be walled, so that the cold winds can move along the wall and avoid direct access to cold room plates
- First space:Preservation of space between top-level goods and hairs to avoid discouraging leaching
- Fixed cargo:Storage should not be directly dressed in the floorthermal insulation layer to avoid the formation of hot bridges or the destruction of tidal layers, which should be handled as designed
Installation and incubation of evaporation
Installation of rollers
- To ensure that the cold winds cover the most distant end, by length of warehouse and direction of crane
- Avoidance of scrubbers is accelerating scold room door, reducing inhalation to wet heat air
- Maintenance and cleaning of space
- Cyclone water drainage requires sufficient slopes, and refrigeration plumbing is heating and thermal insulation
Cyanide
The refrigerated seppers often use electric heat pumps, and large systems also use heat gas. The nitrogen cycle should be set on the basis of actual plutonium: inadequacies can result in a decrease in the volume of septic refrigeration and wind; Excessive smelters would waste energy and fluctuate the treasury.
Refrigeration rationaleHow Cold Room Refrigeration Works and Its Main Components。
thermal insulation treasury: heat, vapour and gas
| Request | Practice | The consequences of failure |
|---|---|---|
| Insulation | Severe selection of thickness of the panels by temperate zone, refrigeration area in general approximately 100–150mm PU (reference) | Increased heat infiltration and increased consumption of electricity |
| Vapour vapour | Separation of water vapour is infiltrated by the heating side into thermal insulation layer; Accentric plates are inherently inseparable and critically connecting and opening up. | thermal insulation layer, refrigeration, reduced performance |
| Gas cryptography | All enclaves of chicken, rotating, walled | Leaking, off-wall closing |
| Detection | Forklift access and gate boxes plus collision | insulated panels were collated, leaked |
Thermal insulation materials and thicknesscold roomthermal insulation materials comparison; Custody of common taboosCold roominsulation work for 10 hidden issues。
floor: Frozen and underwriting
Would inflation be unfrozen?
The cold-frozen zone floor is chronically sporadic and thermal volume will gradually be devastated by the bottom. If thermal insulation lower temperatures fall below the ice point, groundwater scores may be refrigerated or broken down into the floor, which is referred to as ammonia.
Common anti-frozen practices
- floor heating:Establishment of a heating system at the bottom of thermal insulation layer, which is maintained at the lower level above the ice point
- At the floor:Establishment of ventilation tubes under the thermal insulation layer, allowing air circulation to take cold
- Skitchboard:refrigerated warehouse, located on the floor, with air circulation by itself but subject to an assessment of the situation
Underwriting
At floorthermal insulation layers generally use materials that are more resistant to pressure, e.g., exculpatory polystyrene (XPS) and upper pelagic. Forklift pressure, cargo load and total cargo weight are to be taken into account in the design; The building ' s warehouse is also required to confirm the load of the building.
Stress balance and cold room door
After the low temperaturecold room gate, the cooling of air in the treasury could create a negative pressure that made it difficult for cold room door to open and would be more likely to damage gates and reservoirs in the long term. Therefore, refrigerated warehouse will normally be installedStress balanceBalancing internal and external gas pressure is needed to prevent the balance of ice in itself.
refrigerated warehousecold room door configuration
- Gatebox protection from heating and avoidance of door box refrigeration, rubber stacking
- Plutonium sealed in low temperatures
- Fast gate or electric trailer gates to be used in forklifts
- Safe opening devices in treasury
- Protection against collisions in gates and doors
Refrigeration system and support
- Heat load calculations:Includes thermal insulation infiltration, cargo access to the bank, opening, lighting, forklift, personnel and cyanide heat
- Sectoral system:Generally separate systems or sub-sector control in different temperatures
- Assistance:Multiple refrigeration unit parallels and the remaining refrigeration unit at a set of failures is still able to maintain basic temperature
- refrigerant:Consideration of efficiency, GWP, security requirements and local regulations
- Control:High temperature, nitrogen and alarm concentration monitoring
Comparison of refrigeration programmesrefrigeration large comparison of engineering costs in Hong Kong。
Forklift and lighting in low temperature conditions
Forklift
- Low temperatures affect battery performance, and the operating time of electric forklift vehicles in cold areas is generally shortened
- Forklifts are driven by the refrigeration zone to the normal temperature area, with surface condensible water vapours and frequent access to electrical components.
- Forklift models suitable for low temperature environments are selected and the location of the recharge zone is planned
Lighting
- Replacement of lamps suitable for low-temperature and wet environments
- LED Lighting is less heating and helps to reduce the refrigeration burden
- Sufficient lighting is required, especially in the vicinity of rack access and cold room door
Personnel security
Prevention of hardship
The treasury can be set up by internal security devices and rescue alerts, which are regularly tested.
Low temperature protection
Provide appropriate heating clothing, handcuffs and chicken tracks and control the duration of stay in low temperature environments.
Degradation
The refrigeration gate is easy to close the ice, and the ground is required to maintain a clean slippage.
Forklift security
Demarcation of pedestrian and forklift routes, establishment of collision fencing and alerts.
refrigerant leakage
refrigerant should be suspected of leaking and should be contacted as soon as possible.
Electrical safety
In-house electrical equipment is subject to tide protection.
Temperature monitoring and temperature distribution test
Daily monitoring
- Multi-point temperature sensors covering high-low layers, gates and corners
- Sustained recording and maintenance of temperature data
- Upper temperature alert, notifying the designated person
- Telescope temperature and refrigeration unit state
- Fixed school temperature sensors
Temperature Mapping
Installation of temperature recorders at different locations in the refrigerated warehouse, temperature distribution over a period of time and identification of high or low positions for:
- Validation of refrigerated warehouse design and receptacle emplacement
- Determining the location of daily temperature monitoring points
- Provision of temperature certificates required for client or audit
Clients in industry, such as pharmaceutical warehousing, are often required to conduct temperature distribution tests. The design elements of the cold storage facility can be consulted.Cold Storage Facilities。
refrigerated warehouse energy efficiency measures
- Establishment of buffer zones or temperature-controlled loading and unloading areas by temperature gradient
- Use of fast gates and loaded doors to shorten the opening time
- thermal insulation and sealing, and regular check-up of clippings and rubber articles
- Determination of nitrogen cycle by actual scratch
- Introduction of LED lighting and reduction of lighting in drifting
- Refrigeration matches actual loads and, where necessary, is controlled by variable frequency or multiplerefrigeration unit
- Concreterefrigeration unit was placed in the ventilation position and was regularly cleaned
refrigerated warehouse maintenance plan
| Period | Recommendations |
|---|---|
| Daily (users) | Testing and recording temperatures, leave alerts, confirmation of cold room door gate, clean-up of gate footwear |
| Monthly (users) | Checking cold room door rubber, fast gate operation, evaporation, drainage, collar status |
| Quarterly (technical) | Cleaning of chillers and rollers, checking refrigerant pressure, electrical backup, cyanide system, gate heating and stress balance |
| Annual (technicians) | Comprehensive inspection of compressors, sensory tests, insulated panels and seals, floor condition, retrieval test |
Professional maintenance services are availablecold room maintenance; Disposition of failures can be consultedCold Room Repairs。
Relevant Hong Kong Regulations
- freezer room licence:Storage of designated foods for commercial use in freezer room is generally subject to the application of a non-zer room licence from the Food and Environment Agency; Standard licensing conditions include fixtures that require accurate automated recording of temperature (for further details)Licensing Considerations for Freezer Rooms）
- Electricity engineering:Under the Electricity Regulations, fixed-power installations are generally subject to work by registered electrical engineering staff employed by Registered Electrical Contractor
- Buildings and firefighting:Changes related to building structures, channels or outer walls are subject to the relevant system of Buildings Department; Warehouse uses are required to meet the firefighting service requirements
- refrigerant:Substances regulated by the Regulations for the Protection of the Ozone Layer shall be dealt with at the request of the Environmental Protection Agency
Common issues
Do refrigerated warehouses differ from refrigerated warehouse?
In Hong Kong, the two usually refer to the same type of facility, i.e. large refrigerated warehouses for logistics, wholesale, import and export and extensive storage, generally operating in forklift vehicles and terminals, and can establish cold areas, cold-frozen zones and loading and unloading areas.
Is the refrigerated warehouse very much in need of a buffer zone or loading area?
The refrigeration zone directly opens outdoors to a large number of wet heat air entry, resulting in an increase in clouds, temperature fluctuations and electricity consumption. The establishment of buffer zones or temperature-controlled loading and unloading areas can reduce the loss of cools and shorten the time spent on cargo staying in constant temperature. For further detailsDischarge zones, buffer zone and gate seals。
How did the refrigerated warehouse floor prevent unfrozen inflation?
The common practice is to establish floor heating or floor ventilation at the bottom of the thermal insulation layer, which will be maintained above the ice point; At the same time, thermal insulation layers and balloons have sufficient resistance. For further detailsfloor: Frozen and underwriting。
Is the security of personnel in refrigerated warehouse much to be noticed?
An internal security opening device and rescue alerts are to be installed, heating clothing is provided, stopover time is controlled, ground fire and flare is sufficient, and a forklift protection is established. For further detailsPersonnel security。
Is the temperature distribution test?
At different locations of refrigerated warehouse, the temperature-rated temperature distribution of thermostats is installed and the location of the high or lower position is identified for validation design and decision monitoring points. For further detailsTemperature monitoring and temperature distribution test。
Summary
The success of the refrigerated warehouse works depends on a wide range of overall designs, such as layout, loading and unloading areas, cargo mounted and cold circulation, thermal insulation treasury, floor, pressure balance, refrigeration assistance, security and monitoring. Based on the temperature gradient planning layout, floor protection and underwriting are performed, and refrigerated warehouses can be operated in a long-term stable and efficient manner in conjunction with temperature distribution tests and regular maintenance.
Kam Hing Engineering and Trading Co. Limited is professionally engaged in various types of large-scale cold room, thermal insulation and maintenance works, including large pharmaceutical warehousing, logistics warehouses, Wine cellar and food refrigerated warehouses, providing one-stop services for project design, procurement, installation, periodic inspection and maintenance. More:About us｜refrigerated warehouse engineering services｜Our clients｜Project gallery。